Ammonia emissions in Sweden

Ammonia has been identified as a major atmospheric pollutant which causes threats to human health, and detrimental environmental effects. Ammonia emissions mainly derive from agricultural sources and the agricultural sector therefore has the largest potential to reduce emissions of ammonia.

The aim of this study was to compare ammonia emission estimates and projections from the national Swedish inventory (SMED) and the GAINS model. A further objective was to identify the most promising policy options and best available techniques to reduce ammonia emissions from agricultural practices in Sweden, and thus reducing their harmful environmental effects.

The most recent ammonia estimate for Sweden from SMED (representing year 2015) was 60.3 ktonnes, and the majority of these emissions, 51.7 ktonnes (86 %), derived from agricultural sources. According to the results of the GAINS model scenario CLE, the ammonia estimate for Sweden (year 2015) was 49.0 ktonnes, and the majority of these emissions, 38.5 ktonnes (79 %), derived from agricultural sources. In general, the emission estimate from SMED is higher compared with GAINS (about 20 % higher for the year 2015). These differences are due to different emission factors, statistics and abatement measures being applied.

Also the forecasts are different. The latest SMED forecast for 2030 (calculated 2015) is at the same level as GAINS’ MTFR-scenario (with maximum technically feasible reductions) for 2030. The most cost effective ammonia abatement measures in Sweden are low nitrogen feed, low ammonia application of manure, and low emission manure storage. Measures to reduce housing emissions, e.g. designing the stable to reduce the surface and time manure is exposed to air, are also rather cost effective, particularly for new stables.

An important policy challenge with a great potential to reduce overall emissions of ammonia is measures to reduce meat and dairy consumption and measures to reduce food waste. In this context it is also important to consider the effect of emissions derived in other countries due to increased import.

Recommeded further policy actions will be found in the report.